The results also suggest a multi-component and multi-regulatory therapeutic mechanism for FA and FB. Our results indicate that FA and FB possess remarkable anti-inflammatory properties, protecting against CuSO 4-induced neuromasts damage in zebrafish larvae. FA and FB were shown to reverse the abnormal expressions of potential metabolite and protein biomarkers and alleviate CuSO 4-induced damage to the neuromasts in the zebrafish lateral line. These included collagen, nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3 isoform X1 (Nme3), WD repeat-containing protein 3 (Wdr3), and 28S ribosomal protein S7 mitochondrial precursor (Mrps7). Proteomic analysis identified 146 differentially expressed proteins between the control and model groups. Metabolomic analysis pointed to the involvement of nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, energy metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, and purine metabolism. ResultsįA and FB inhibited neutrophils migration to the damaged neuromasts and remarkably reduced CuSO 4-induced ROS and NO generation in zebrafish larvae. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the progressive changes in gene expression. Metabolomic and proteomic analyses using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were carried out to identify the expressions of metabolites and proteins associated with the anti-inflammatory mechanism of FA and FB. Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) was investigated using fluorescence probes. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of FA and FB were investigated in CuSO 4-induced inflammation in zebrafish larvae. However, the properties and therapeutic mechanisms of this effect have not yet been systematically elucidated. Forsythiaside A (FA) and forsythiaside B (FB), isolated from the dried fruit of Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, are phenylethanoid compounds that show a significant anti-inflammatory effect. Inflammation is a general pathological phenomenon during severe disturbances to the homeostasis.

Posterior blood island zebrafish